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Janajreh I, Adeyemi I, Raza SS, Ghenai C. A review of recent developments and future prospects in gasification systems and their modeling. Gasification of municipal solid waste blends with biomass for energy production and resources recovery: current status, hybrid technologies and innovative prospects. An online shopping firm, Amazon e-commerce services, has 26% year-on-year sales in their first quarter [50]. The number of cases has been reported to be 356 million worldwide as per data accessed within the WHO database on January 27, 2022. The amount of synthesis gas obtained varies with the temperature in plasma gasifier. See salaries, compare reviews, easily apply, and get hired. The WHO has studied the monthly need for PPE and estimated that healthcare workers would need 89 million masks, 76 million gloves, 30 million gowns, and 1.6 million goggles during the COVID-19. Fig.6.6. 9. Hence, it is an encouraging route for onsite and offsite . Food waste generated from hospitals constitutes an integral part of BMW. India is slowly proceeding towards a more urbanized society, and resulting waste generation in India is observing a rapid climb. COVID-19 is the third one in the series that emerged in 2019 [2]. Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. Indrawan et al. Paulino RFS, Essiptchouk AM, Costa LPC, Silveira JL. (2) is solved for the values of ni for which the systems total Gibbs free energy is minimized. An update of COVID-19 influence on waste management. An official website of the United States government. Incineration is widely utilized to dispose biomedical waste as it is safe and effective [67, 68]. Energy Fuel. The authors declare no competing interests. Updates on biomedical waste management during COVID-19: the Indian scenario. The infectious nature of medical waste makes it difficult to handle. Chand S, Shastry CS, Hiremath S, Joel JJ, Krishnabhat CH, Mateti UV. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Malaysia is observing an increase of 30% in its clinical waste generation [54]. Plasma gasification is an extreme thermal process using plasma which converts organic matter into a syngas (synthesis gas) which is primarily made up of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. New postdoctoral position plasma physics careers are added daily on SimplyHired.com. In: Zhang L, Drelich JW, Neelameggham NR, Guillen DP, Haque N, Zhu J, et al., editors. BMW is waste generated by medical practices like diagnosis and treatment; research carried out on human and animal samples; and medicinal composition and residues, pharmaceutical products, and human and animal excretion [36]. The entire process is divided into four sections: inlet, drying of feedstock, pyrolysis, and gasification for simulation. Accessibility Ganguly RK, Chakraborty SK. Waste Biomass Valorization. As per the study, the situation is much worse for rural areas than for urban areas, and the reason for such poor standards is inadequate training and the low education level of hospital staff. The reaction takes place inside the reactor shell at a temperature as high as 35006500 C [29, 30], utilizing the thermal energy of the plasma. The gasifier reactor shell is attached with a slag removal system at the bottom to remove slag continuously. The net energy transferred to the feedstock, Qi, is given by Eq. 8600 Rockville Pike The overall flexibility of the systems, along with its acceptance of a comprehensive range of waste, makes it an important technology for research purposes. The slag has various usages and contributes as raw materials for tiles, road construction, and landscaping. Thirty-two percent of healthcare units dump their waste in dustbins provided by urban bodies [66]. Only 15% of the waste generated is classified as hazardous waste. where Gt is Gibbs free energy of the system; ni and ntotal are the number of moles of species i and the total number of moles of all species in the syngas, respectively; R is the universal gas constant; and T is temperature. The carbonaceous and volatile part of the feedstock is gasified into syngas [31], while the inorganic compounds and polymer are melted to form a glass-like structure called a glass-like structure vitrified slag. This measure has fostered a culture of online shopping and food delivery among consumers. The inefficiencies of food supply chains during the COVID-19 pandemic have created an unexpected shift in food access and food loss and waste (FLW). 10.4103/ijmm.IJMM [. COVID-19 pandemic has increased the percentage of plastics and polymers in waste due to heavy usage of PPE kits, face shield, gown, gloves, masks, disposable bags, and other safety harnesses. The results showed higher concentrations of . Comparison of different types of plasma setups (sources: [27, 28]). Plasma gasification setup. Qi H, Cui P, Liu Z, Xu Z, Yao D, Wang Y, et al. 1. The plasma gasification has a high temperature associated, which breaks the complex structures in a simple form addressing the safety concerns to human health and the environment. Ilyas S, Srivastava RR, Kim H. Disinfection technology and strategies for COVID-19 hospital and bio-medical waste management. A significant change has been observed in medical composition in recent times. The lack of proper standards and return on investment are some of the concerns that hamper the technologys growth. Lemmens B, Elslander H, Vanderreydt I, Peys K, Diels L, Oosterlinck M, et al. 10.1007/S11356-021-16736-8. Mazzoni L, Janajreh I, Elagroudy S, Ghenai C. Modeling of plasma and entrained flow co-gasification of MSW and petroleum sludge. Integrated approach in municipal solid waste management in COVID-19 pandemic: perspectives of a developing country like India in a global scenario. 1 [25]. An experimental plant MCw gasifier consisting of the following basic components a) Plasma Generator, b) Gasification Reactor, c) Fuel-Solid Waste Feeding-Transporting System, d) Product (Syngas, slug and ash) Accumulation and Analysis Components e) Power Suppliers is . J Eng Phys Thermophys. No harmful impurities are found in the byproduct of plasma gasification as observed with X-ray analysis. Disinfection technology of hospital wastes and wastewater: suggestions for disinfection strategy during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in China. There is further scope of studying the cost of technology for treating biomedical waste in India as there is a dearth of work in this field. This will help understand and evaluate the operating parameters at a much better scale. Hybrid plasma setup consisting of arc plasma and RF plasma sources is being considered for many applications, including operating cost reduction and several added benefits. Plasma gasification has been compared with incineration as it is an established and most widely used technology for treating biomedical waste in Table Table2.2. Further reductions in emission in the form of dioxins, benzopyrene, and furans are observed [87, 88]. Laszlo Horvath, an early career physicist at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) stationed at General Atomics in San Diego, is the winner of the 2022 Kroly Simonyi Memorial Plaque from the Hungarian Nuclear Society. The University of Michigan extends benefits to all postdoctoral research fellows. The plasma gasification can be extremely helpful for bulky waste as the volume reduction percentage is very high in the range of 95% [32]. Benson et al. The experimental results obtained match accurately with the calculation done by Ustimenko [95]. Physics and Mathematics. Pharmaceutical ingredients are also destroyed in the process with no traces left [25]. Although the technology is sometimes confused with incinerating or burning trash, plasma gasification does not combust the waste as incinerators do. Syngas is utilized further for various applications after a stable and colorless flame is observed in the test flare setup. The annual cash flow was studied and found that plasma gasification is feasible for a life span of 20 years. Hantoko et al. plasma arc gasification (PAG), waste-treatment technology that uses a combination of electricity and high temperatures to turn municipal waste (garbage or trash) into usable by-products without combustion (burning). The use of syngas from biomedical waste plasma gasification systems for electricity production in internal combustion: thermodynamic and economic issues. Studies have evaluated that the average calorific value of biomedical waste ranges between 12.5 and 16.4 MJ/kg [86]. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the prioritization of human health over environmental health, and waste management strategies are getting postponed or reversed in many countries globally. Postdoctoral Leadership Program. Int J Ambient Energy. Messerle et al. The waste decomposition proceeds at a very high rate in the limited oxygen supply due to the high temperature involved in the process. Energy Recover. This issue becomes even more interesting if such processing leads to a source of hydrogen or syngas for fuel production. Air plasma gasification of wood has been conducted using ac torches along with thermo-dynamical modeling and analysis . Autoclaving method using steam sterilization is the second most preferred, with a 2037% share [12]. Water scrubber. Cyclone separator. Messerle VE, Moss AL, Nikonchuk AN. China has also suspended environmental standards for its small industries to expedite their recovery [50]. 10.1007/s12649-013-9201-7. Infectious waste constitutes a fraction of this waste with a mere 0.20.4 kg per bed per day. These wastes contain pathological microorganisms, which can spread disease after exposure. Gomez E, Rani DA, Cheeseman CR, Deegan D, Wise M, Boccaccini AR. Computer Science and IT. 31:311334. Aldaco R, Hoehn D, Laso J, Margallo M, Ruiz-Salmn J, Cristobal J, et al. ONeill B, Ren X, Jiang L, Dalton M. The effect of urbanization on energy use in India and China in the iPETS model. Usage of disposable items like injections, syringes, sample containers, gloves, shields, and personal protective equipment (PPE) kits has been increased as a precaution against diseases like COVID-19, SARS, AIDS, EBOLA, hepatitis, and tuberculosis. The USA has reported a 30% rise in online shopping. Hagos FY, Aziz ARA, Sulaiman SA. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Life cycle assessments of incineration treatment for sharp medical waste. The syngas produced has very low contaminants, but nanoparticles in the syngas can be a problem [34]. Medical and Health Sciences. The hazardous nature of biomedical waste should be considered while selecting a reliable and authentic waste treatment method. The situation in the USA is more worrisome, with an increase from 2.5 million to 5 million tons per year [36]. Such high-temperature operation is a good source of ultraviolet radiation, which aids in killing the bacterial and viral loads in the waste. FOIA Rohit, Kaushal R, Dhaka AK. The survival time of coronavirus is an essential factor in COVID-19 waste management as it facilitates segregation and safe handling of biomedical waste according to the requirement. Plasma gasification has emerged as an attractive and viable option to treat biomedical waste. A typical unit has a waste feeding system; chamber of waste processing; solid residues handing system, which also helps remove solid waste; synthesis gas management system; and monitoring and control [25]. The COVID-19 pandemic has similarly impacted India, increasing 140350 tons of biomedical waste daily [57, 58]. 7. Syngas is generated as a byproduct in the whole process that can substitute conventional fuels in compression ignition engines [91]. Asian capital cities such as Kuala Lumpur, Bangkok, and Manila were poorly hit, and medical waste generation increased from 154 to 280 tons per day [18]. Hameed Z, Aslam M, Khan Z, Maqsood K, Atabani AE, Ghauri M, et al. Manzoor and Sharma [43] have mentioned the effects of biomedical waste on human health and the environment. The survival time of the virus on the surface depends on the type of surfaces like plastics, wood, and metals; the temperature and relative humidity of surroundings; and the strain of the virus in circulation [46]. Shredder provides for uniform particle size for proper heat dispensation inside the shell. Plasma gasification requires a high initial investment, but annual revenue exceeds expenses [76]. The plasma gasification process was modeled under a thermo-chemical approach using aspen plus. Dr. Cui has a joint position as a tenure-track Assistant Professor in the Department of Genetics at Harvard Medical School and . These types of waste require safe handling, disposal, and treatment as per the biomedical rules notified by statutory bodies. Indias per capita MSW generation varies between 0.17 and 0.62 kg per person per day for small towns and big cities, respectively [9]. Feeding only medical waste in the gasifier resulted in slag containing approximately 36% oxygen, 28.6% calcium, and 16% silicon. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Tavares et al. Cai X, Wei X, Du C (2020) Thermal plasma treatment and co-processing of sludge for utilization of energy and material. [56] have estimated that around 3.4 billion face masks and PPE kits are discarded daily. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. The composition of medical waste in Indian scenario is shown in Fig. Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok K, To KK, Chu H, Yang J, et al. These resources have accumulated in nature, going through different processes and syntheses in millions of years. Plasmachemical processing of medicobiological wastes. It has been found that the energy conversion ratio from primary energy of wood (with 20 moisture) into electric energy is 46.2%. As a global healthcare waste project, a study was done by the WHO has stated that out of total biomedical wastes generated globally, 85% is general or non-hazardous waste and only 10% accounts for infectious waste. Plasma gasification is a special type of gasification that uses plasma as the heating and reacting mechanism. The coronavirus was the third outbreak after SARS-CoV-1 in 2002 and MERS-CoV in 2012. WHO Director-General declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on January 30, 2020. They lack proper training and guidance to build sustainable strategies for appropriate waste disposal. Arc plasma (direct current (DC) transferred and non-transferred), radiofrequency (RF), microwave, and inductively coupled plasma torches are some of the methods exploited for this purpose. Assessment of plasma gasification of high caloric waste streams. The second one was Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, termed MERS-CoV in 2012. Fig.11. This technology has combined the benefit of volume reduction up to 95%, mass reduction of 90%, significant low emissions, and residual inert [26, 36]. United Nation Environment Programme (UNEP) study has estimated that due to the COVID pandemic, an increase of around 0.5 kg per bed per day of BMW is expected [16]. Zhovtyansky and Valinius [96] have done an extensive study on plasma gasification of waste and concluded it to be a commercially viable alternative based on the ecological benefits it possesses and the total energy efficiency of the system. Conclusion. The effect of utilizing plasma gasification can be studied for inactivation and residence time of microorganisms. Rural communities in the UK saw a rise of 300% in waste [18]. Thermal plasma technology for the treatment of wastes: a critical review. An experimental investigation on solid waste, which included medical waste, reported the composition of carbon monoxide (73.4%), hydrogen (6.2%), nitrogen (29.6%), and sulfur (0.8%) as volume percentage composition of synthesis gas. Plasma gasification process: modeling, simulation and comparison with conventional air gasification. Apart from generating toxic gases like CO, CO2, SOx, NOx, and PM, it also produces polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that vary from 3377 to 11,390 ng/Nm3 [70]. India is all set to generate around 775 tons per day of biomedical waste in 2022, with current levels being 551 tons per day. The first one was a severe acute respiratory syndrome, also termed SARS-CoV-1, in 2002. Khadem Ghasemi M, Mohd YR. Superconducting Magnet Design. Plastic waste generation is on a steep incline, with almost 1.6 million tons generated worldwide [62]. The energy associated with plasma which is transferred to the target feedstock for heating and melting consists of the difference between convective heat given to the target and radiative heat loss from the target to the surrounding. The biomedical waste generation varies according to the tenure of stay of patients in hospitals and the capacity of hospitals. Dehal A, Vaidya AN, Kumar AR (2021:1) Biomedical waste generation and management during COVID-19 pandemic in India: challenges and possible management strategies. Plasma gasification technology provides a viable alternative for its treatment. Souza BCD, Seetharam AM, Chandrasekaran V, Kamath R, Souza BCD, Seetharam AM (2017;0:16) Comparative analysis of cost of biomedical waste management across varying bed strengths in rural India.

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