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The first cycle Ericsson developed is now called the "Brayton cycle", commonly applied to gas turbine engines. The engine presented in Figure 3 consists of 3 compressors, 3 coolers, 3 expanders, 3 heaters, and recuperator. In this case the influence of the recuperator parameters on the overall performance will be lower than in the Stirling engine, and that is why the Ericsson engine can have higher Carnot efficiency than the Stirling engine. 62, no. The term "recuperator" refers to a separated-flow, counter-current heat exchanger. In principle thermal conductivity of the air depends on the temperature, but the difference between the temperatures and is small, and it is possible to accept the thermal conductivity coefficient as equal to two channels. 1 The main advantage of the Ericsson cycle over the Carnot cycle and the Stirling Cycle is, it maintains the smaller pressure ratio for the given ratio of maximum to minimum specific volume with the higher Mean Effective pressure. 3 2 4 1 (2002). Otto and Diesel cycles. Power cycles can be organized into two categories: real cycles and ideal cycles. b) two isothermal and two constant volume processes. Designed strictly to pump water, the engine was built to be placed next to a well or a cistern with the pump suction pipe hanging down into the water. = The proposed design of the engine permits us to obtain acceptable approximation of isothermal processes preserving high compression and expansion rates and acceptable specific power of the engine. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Alpha Stirling Engine, of Stirling Cycle: T T T r T increased work. T Therefore, a cycle He formed a new shell for the piston, using 16 gauge sheet metal, and I heli-arced it together. It demands the use of expensive materials. Now we can evaluate decreasing of the air temperature in the micro channel 1 and increasing of the air temperature in the micro channel 2: ( There are many different sources of sustainable energy. Steves is set up with a wood burner, although the original stove would burn wood or coal. We know that a part of the heat supplied in the first stage is utilized for doing work in isothermal expansion. This type of engine is shown in Figure 3. Substituting the value of temperatures . and Let us consider the pair or neighbor micro channels (Figure 8). It showed the engine in different sizes, he says. [2] For example, the following images illustrate the differences in work output predicted by an ideal Stirling cycle and the actual performance of a Stirling engine: As the net work output for a cycle is represented by the interior of the cycle, there is a significant difference between the predicted work output of the ideal cycle and the actual work output shown by a real engine. c To improve real Ericsson cycle it is necessary to decrease compression (and expansion) rate from 6 in the mentioned engine to 1.21.4. of Atkinson Cycle: 795812, 2002. The piston-type Ericsson engine can potentially be the highest efficiency heat engine arrangement ever constructed. E. Kussul, T. Baidyk, F. Lara-Rosano, J. M. Saniger, N. Bruce, and C. Estrada, Micro-facet solar concentrator, International Journal of Sustainable Energy, vol. {\displaystyle {T_{H}}} The second Ericsson cycle is the cycle most commonly referred to as simply the "Ericsson cycle". He is credited with inventing two unique heat engine cycles and developing practical engines based on these cycles. Each brick in the box was numbered, he says. In the hot cylinder the working liquid is expanded and produces more work than that was spent during its compression in the cold cylinder. {\displaystyle U} One, though, was rusted and gone. cycles and developing -A.C.E.T. V V c 760 pp. is done by the system. W The first step in restoration was research. Expansion of working the highest. Stirling engine is a closed cycle regenerative heat engine. C C Im guessing there were 30,000 to 40,000 built originally, says collector Steve Gray, who lives in California. They make farm machinery but on a small scale. l The Ericsson is perhaps most similar to the so called "double-acting" type of Stirling engine, in which the displacer piston also acts as the power piston. The Ericsson cycle is named after inventor John Ericsson who designed and built many unique heat engines based on various thermodynamic cycles. The Stirling cycle heat engine has many advantages such as high efficiencyand long service life. 4, pp. standard efficiency of the cycle. Thermodynamics: an engineering approach. further heat is added to the cylinder. Q L Tyagi, S.K., Wang, S.W. is maintained constant and heat removal on p-V and T-s diagram. Q It works on either air or any other gas. The Stirling and Ericsson cycles are among the important refrigeration systems for the production of very low temperature, especially in the cryogenic range. Therefore, 1979 RAND report on a new "Ericsson Cycle Gas Turbine Powerplant" design, This page was last edited on 23 August 2022, at 06:21. Ive only seen two or three other Rider-Ericssons, he says. Expansion occurs simultaneously with compression, on opposite sides of the piston. B. Kongtragool and S. Wongwises, A review of solar-powered Stirling engines and low temperature differential Stirling engines, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 6, no. Wisconsin Couple Creates Farm Machinery on a Small Scale. The expander receives the compressed hot gas from the intake port, allows the gas to expand, and pushes it through exhaust port. To keep the engine running steadily, he needs to add a piece of wood generally he uses oak every 20 minutes. One great engine, of course, is never enough. They fit together like the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. The Cycles of power transmission, Atkinson, Ericsson and Stirling had given contributions to develop power transmission systems. W ) of the system over the cycle. To increase the thermal conductivity modern Stirling engines use Hydrogen or Helium instead of air. Ecological optimization and parametric study of irreversible Ericsson and Stirling heat engines. {\displaystyle \Delta U_{cycle}=Q_{cycle}-W_{cycle}=0} Ericsson engine is a closed cycle regenerative heat engine. c more work than that given by Otto cycle. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Therefore the In our case the highest temperature of Ericsson engine is 573K (300C). and Ahlborn, B. Further it is to be noted that heat rejection 3, pp. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. The recuperator has two areas: the first area contains high-pressure gas obtained from the compressors and the second area contains low-pressure gas obtained from the expanders. Part of Springer Nature. (1980). The reversed Stirling and Ericsson cycles are also called gas refrigeration cycle as gas/air being the working fluid and are very similar to each other. Substituting the parameter values to (A.17) we obtain. Copyright 2012 Ernst Kussul et al. Internal Report CES, IIT Delhi, India. T r T r At this temperature the air goes to the atmosphere. Because the net variation in state properties during a thermodynamic cycle is zero, it forms a closed loop on a PV diagram. Stages of an Ideal Stirling Cycle Following are the four cycles of an Ideal Stirling Cycle: Isothermal compression (Process 1-2) Constant volume cooling (Process 2-3) Isothermal expansion (Process 3-4) Constant volume heating (Process 4-1) 1. compressed air at constant volume from Robert Stirling had invented the same device, prior to Ericsson, so the invention is credited to Stirling. Using of lubrication increases the service life and mechanical efficiency of the engine. T The authours thank Dr. Neil Bruce for help in the paper preparation. V 2, pp. decreases to initial value. v Steves engine collection includes a rare Stirling cycle, Rider-Ericsson hot-air pumping engine dating from about 1895. L v Ten Agricultural Inventions that Changed the Face of Farming in America. In this paper, we compare Stirling and Ericsson cycles to determine which engine produces greater net work output for various situations. a) two isothermal and two constant pressure processes. isothermal expansion process. The difference between these processes is small if the compression and expansion rate is low. Kaushik, S.C. (1999). b) Process 2-3: The increased pressure L. Ruiz-Huerta, A. Caballero-Ruiz, G. Ruiz et al., Diseo de un motor de ciclo Ericsson modificado empleando energa solar, in Proceedings of the Congreso de Instrumentacin SOMI 24, Mrida, Yucatn, Mxico, 2009. Gas refrigeration cycles include the reversed Brayton cycle and the HampsonLinde cycle. p In this case the pressure difference is sufficiently large (10bar), and the engine has acceptable power. 12, no. We also help students to publish their Articles and research papers. practical engines based on. It is possible to increase additionally the engine power if we will use the closed thermal cycle instead of open cycle used in [11]. and the pressure in the cold channel is, For our calculations we will suppose that the air speed of compressed air (cold channel) is, The air speed in the hot channel will be higher proportionally to the temperature relation of and pressure relation . H a) Process 1-2: The volume of gas This 1911 Waterloo Boy 1-1/2 hp engine is one of Steve's favorites. It is made thermodynamically reversible by the action of a regenerator. Currently, hes most interested in diesels. absolute temperature T. American Journal of Physics, 43, 2224. The repeating nature of the process path allows for continuous operation, making the cycle an important concept in thermodynamics. Performance criteria on different pressure ratios of an irreversible modified complex Brayton cycle. 2 (2002a). Ericsson eventually abandoned the open cycle in favor of the traditional closed Stirling cycle. One of the biggest challenges? A leader in industrial, office, retail and community development, Agan has been responsible for more than $3 billion in development activity on large-scale projects in Los Angeles, Orange, San . called Isochoric heat-removal process. 2. Thus, the total heat flow per cycle is calculated without knowing the heat capacities and temperature changes for each step (although this information would be needed to assess the thermodynamic efficiency of the cycle). -1 bar is the pressure of the gas at the input of the first compressor, is the compression rate in one compressor or expansion rate in one expander, K is the temperature of the cool liquid at the input of Ericsson engine, is the temperature of hot liquid at the input of the Ericsson engine, is the temperature difference between the gas and cooling liquids in the coolers, is the temperature difference between the gas and hot liquids in the heaters, is the temperature difference between the low-pressure and the high-pressure gas in the recuperator at the compressor side, is the temperature difference between the low-pressure and the high-pressure gas in the recuperator at the expander side, m3/s is the volumetric gas flow rate at the input of the first compressor, is the engine power, is the thermal efficiency of the Ericsson engine, is the efficiency of Carnot, is the relation of thermal efficiency of the Ericsson engine to the efficiency of Carnot (in the literature this is termed as Carnot efficiency). E. M. Kussul, D. A. Rachkovskij, T. N. Baidyk, and S. A. Talayev, Micromechanical engineering: a basis for the low-cost manufacturing of mechanical microdevices using microequipment, Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, vol. {\displaystyle Q_{cycle}=W_{cycle}} These cycles have been utilized by a number of engineering firms in the construction of practical systems and have promoted the development of new design of these cycles for different applications. We know from the above, that heat supplied during the process 1-2 is equal to the heat rejected during the process 3-4 (because of T2-T1=T3-T4). is the lowest cycle temperature and In the previous article, we have discussed theCarnot cycle and the Stirling Cycle with its efficiency. C K. Hirata, Schmidt theory for Stirling engines, 1997, http://www.bekkoame.ne.jp/~khirata/academic/schmidt/schmidt.htm. E. Kussul, T. Baidyk, L. Ruiz-Huerta, A. Caballero-Ruiz, G. Velasco, and L. Kasatkina, Development of micromachine tool prototypes for microfactories, Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, vol. constant pressure The added cost is the valve. Energy Conv. We have T l The Ericsson cycle (and the similar Brayton cycle) receives renewed interest[6] today to extract power from the exhaust heat of gas (and producer gas) engines and solar concentrators. The kit engine was composed mainly of aluminum castings of the major components. where [m2] is the area of the walls of the micro channel 1: Real Stirling engines at present have no isothermal processes. Mechanical Engineering questions and answers. Because of the higher pressure difference between the upward and downward movement of the work-piston, specific output can be greater than of a valveless Stirling engine. V This suggests that all the net heat comes in through the top isotherm. It is also the same as an Ericsson cycle with the isobaric processes substituted for constant volume processes. In 1851 the Ericsson-cycle engine (the second of the two discussed here) was used to power a 2,000-ton ship, the caloric ship Ericsson,[3] and ran flawlessly for 73hours. Learn how your comment data is processed. If you have any questions about the Ericsson Cycle and Its Pv Ts diagram as in the comments section below. aspects make Atkinson cycle more = ( ) - ( ) 2 1 2 Finite Time Thermodynamics of Power and Refrigeration Cycles, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62812-7_11. efficient than Otto cycle. and T Lower Temperature Power cycles are cycles which convert some heat input into a mechanical work output, while heat pump cycles transfer heat from low to high temperatures by using mechanical work as the input. He completed his engineering studies in 2014 and is currently working in a large firm as Mechanical Engineer. ) temperature the pressure of air is {\displaystyle \Delta U=C_{v}\Delta T} v However, Rev. These conditions demand the development of a regenerator of very high efficiency. and The actual device is made up of a series of stages, each of which is itself modeled as an idealized thermodynamic process. Net work done, [2] For example, as shown in the figure, devices such a gas turbine or jet engine can be modeled as a Brayton cycle. However, the Stirling . He is also an author and editor at www.theengineerspost.com. Hence volume and temperature of air p {\displaystyle Q=C_{p}\Delta T} and in the micro channel 2 equals. The Ericsson cycle has the following four processes. This recuperator has the volume about 32 liters and permits us to create the Ericsson engine with power of some kWts. Co., badged and sold by Montgomery Ward, find a home in Ohio man's collection. The Ericsson Cycle is often compared to the Stirling cycle, since the engine designs based on these respective cycles are both external combustion engines with regenerators. There is no difference between the two except the purpose of the refrigerator is to cool a very small space while the household heat pump is intended to warm or cool a house. Shipping and taxes calculated at checkout. On a pressurevolume (PV) diagram or temperatureentropy diagram, the clockwise and counterclockwise directions indicate power and heat pump cycles, respectively. C Linked cyclic series of thermodynamic processes. v 805812, 1998. H Johnson thermoelectric energy converter rejection of heat by air at constant pressure. Senior Editor Leslie McManus highlights old iron collectors who go above and beyond, and introduces a writer who's been going above and beyond since youth. Chief Executive Officer. is completed. C c Stirling cycle and Rankine cycle heat engines are used to transform the heat energy of solar concentrators to mechanical and electrical energy. Relive past memories shared by readers of check row planting corn and Prince Albert tobacco cans, and help one collector solve a vintage hay press mystery. cycle that describes the b) Process 2-3: The increased volume now work done Performance evaluation of irrerversible Ericsson and Stirling heat pump cycles. After that gas flows to the second compressor, where its pressure and temperature increase, but the temperature is returned to its previous value in the third cooler. Therefore, the process is The Ericsson engine is based on the Ericsson cycle, and is known as an "external combustion engine", because it is externally heated. In that case.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'theengineerspost_com-banner-1','ezslot_7',673,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-theengineerspost_com-banner-1-0'); Thats it, Thanks for reading. The term "regenerator" is now the name given to the component in the Stirling engine. In Figure 7 we present the fragment of micro channel recuperator. He didnt know much about Stirling cycle engines at the time, but he knew enough even as a novice collector to know he was looking at something special. The engine can be run open- or closed-cycle. Basically the first Stirling engine Id ever seen was that model.. Id had the kit for a long time, Steve says. Process 2-3 (Constant Pressure or Isobaric Heat Rejection), 4. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62812-7_11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62812-7_11, eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0). A thermodynamic cycle consists of linked sequences of thermodynamic processes that involve transfer of heat and work into and out of the system, while varying pressure, temperature, and other state variables within the system, and that eventually returns the system to its initial state. 1. This cycle also resembles the Carnot cycle where the Ericsson cycle contains two constant pressure processes instead of two isentropic processes in the Carnot cycle. State-of-the-art on finite time thermodynamics. = Low compression and expansion rate in each main cylinder permits us to consider the process as an isotermal one. An example of Ericsson engine is described in [11]. its initial state. If the total heat flow per cycle is required, this is easily obtained. The net effect is that the heat needs to be added only at constant temperature T3=T4andrejected at the constant temperature T2=T1. [citation needed] At 6.5RPM the pressure was limited to 8psi (55kPa). The parameters of Ericsson engine were calculated using the program in C++. The theoretical efficiencies for both, Ericsson and Stirling cycles acting in the same limits are equal to the Carnot Efficiency for same limits. where T Higher Temperature W Really, the theoretical Ericsson cycle demands an isothermal expansion of the air, and the engine described in [11] has almost adiabatic expansion process where temperature drops from 800C to 405C. Cycle is given below: c V V For example, if the coefficient of compression is 1.1 (10%), the change of the temperature in adiabatic processes for Hydrogen is less than 3%, and the process can be considered as quasi-isothermal. A similar process occurs at the expansion of the gas. process is called isochoric heat addition Its very temperature dependent: Its got to have a fire going under it.. increases at a constant temperature. (1978). Amongst them, it is worth to note that the Ericsson engine heat exchangers are not dead volumes, whereas the Stirling engine heat exchangers designer has to face a difficult compromise between as large heat transfer areas as possible, but as small heat exchanger volumes as possible.[7]. 11611168, 2005. Tractors produced by Custom Mfg. ) Q mC T T This was in 1993 or 94, but I knew enough by then to know that a curve spoke flywheel was an early engine, pre-1900, he says. The temperature of the gas at the compressor output is slightly higher than the temperature at the compressor input. p two unique heat engine Process 4 -> 1: Isobaric heat removal. is the required equation for air E. Kussul, T. Baidyk, and D. Wunsch, Neural Networks and Micro Mechanics, Springer, 2010. 547566, 2007. C net Its held up for five years, he says. This displacement ensures the compression of the working liquid in the cold cylinder. During operation, the water the engine is pumping is also used to cool the engine: Before water is discharged from the engine, it passes through a water jacket at the upper end of the cylinder. 4 1 4 [citation needed]. E Process quantities (or path quantities), such as heat and work are process dependent. where [m] is the radial distance between holes and [m] is the tangential distance between the holes. Ericsson Cycle. Some time after the trials, the Ericsson sank. e {\displaystyle E_{out}} Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. mC T T mC T T The p-V and T-s diagrams of Stirling cycle At present the Stirling and the Rankine cycles are used for this purpose. Dating to 1816, the Stirling design offered a safe, steady source of power. The density of the air in the micro channel 2 we will calculate using equation: 7, no. In our example we consider the total pressure equal to 20bars. The biggest problem I have with it is that I get to talking to people at shows, and I let the fire go out, he says. E 1 y The thermal conductivity of Helium and Hydrogen is 6-7 times higher than the thermal conductivity of air. The problem of these cycles is relatively low Carnot efficiency. The method can also be used in piston engines including relatively low-power engine but in piston engines it demands the use of valves and cannot be realized in Stirling engine, but can be realized in Ericsson engine. H L He didnt begin collecting and restoring until 1991, though, when he got his first engine at a swap meet. Chen, J. for a closed system since its internal pressure vanishes. Coefficient of performance for finite speed heat pump. Tyagi, S.K., Kaushik, S.C. and Salhotra, R. (2002). Stirling Engines: The Ericsson cycle forms the theoretical basis for Stirling engines, which are heat engines that operate on the principle of a working fluid (often a gas) cyclically. As a general illustration, the ideal Stirling/Ericsson cycle consists of a compressor, a regenerator, and an expander as shown in the schematic diagram of Fig. ) Stirling called it an "economiser" or "economizer", because it increased the fuel economy of various types of heat processes. J. Finite time thermodynamic analysis of an endoreversibble Stirling heat engine with regenerative losses. T T If it moves counterclockwise, then W will be negative, and it represents a heat pump. 3-4: Now, the temperature is c Heat supplied at constant volume, p The working substance is air in a cylinder in which the piston moves. where [kg/ m3] is the density of the air in the micro channel 2, [kg/m3] is the density of the air at the normal conditions ( = 102kPa, = 293K), = 1.2kg/m3. The design and manufacture of a heat regenerator are not a trivial problem because the regenerator has to be placed in the internal space of the engine. {\displaystyle W=p\Delta v} 684688, Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, Mxico, 2009. 2 p The Ericsson cycle is often compared with the Stirling cycle, since the engine designs based on these respective cycles are both external combustion engines with regenerators. v From isentropic compression process 1-2, Today, the term Stirling engine is fairly loosely applied to any engine using the Stirling cycle, the Ericsson cycle, or (more commonly . Whereas the Stirling cycle is a constant volume with a constant temperature. p Efficiency of a Carnot engine at maximum power output. The most common refrigeration cycle is the vapor compression cycle, which models systems using refrigerants that change phase. introduced by Dr. Robert The highest potential efficiency of any cycle is achieved by the theoretical Carnot cycle, which is not a real-world cycle.. pressure increases. The theoretical Ericsson cycle is made up of two isothermal processes and two isobaric processes. Therefore, cycle is The air is allowed to expand isothermally (i.e., at constant temperature T2=T3) from initial volume v2 to v3 represented by the graph 2-3 in fig. S. Bonnet, M. Alaphilippe, and P. Stouffs, Energy, exergy and cost analysis of a micro-cogeneration system based on an Ericsson engine, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, vol. The closed cycle permits us to increase the total pressure in the engine space. engines based on various v and the ratio =p/p is called the All numerical values of the parameters in (A.1), (A.2), and below are drawn from the calculations made for engine version 2 (line 2 in Table 1). More than 100 years after it was manufactured, Steves Rider-Ericsson runs pretty well, he says. However, the Stirling cycle is good for high-temperature difference. A. Asnaghi, S. M. Ladjevardi, P. Saleh Izadkhast, and A. H. Kashani, Thermodynamics performance analysis of solar stirling engines, ISRN Renewable Energy, vol. during this process is maintained and The Stirling cycle can be used for small-scale solar power plants. Curzon, F.L. Cengel, Yunus A.; Boles, Michael A. where is the constant pressure heat capacity of the air. 11.1a.The refrigerant, which may be air or a gas, enters the compressor at state point 1, where the temperature is somewhat below the temperature of the cold region, i.e. 3 2 The aforementioned irreversibility renders the thermal efficiency of these cycles less than that of a Carnot engine operating within the same limits of temperature. Theoretically, both of these cycles have so called ideal efficiency, which is the highest allowed by the second law of thermodynamics. The Ericsson Cycle Heat Engine at present is investigated not so good as the Stirling Engine, but it has many promising properties and can be considered as a good candidate for STES [911]. Required fields are marked *. The transfer of heat from thermal reservoirs along paths 4->1 and 2->3 is not a reversible process, because heat is being transferred between two objects at different temperatures. This model, he says, was only produced for one year, after which it was changed slightly and re-rated to 2 hp. At present existing Stirling engines have compression and expansion processes that are closer to adiabatic processes than to isothermal processes. Let us consider microchannel recuperator that has the following dimensions (Figure 7): , , m, and m. The air in different base plates has different temperatures, but for rough estimation of recuperator parameters it is possible to consider the heat transfer process in 2 microchannels (Figure 8) that have mean temperatures: {\displaystyle T_{C}} and pushes it forward. represents the total work and heat input during the cycle and = You have to do every bit of machine work that would have been done by the original manufacturer, he says. Ericsson Cycle was invented by Ericsson, which consists of two isothermal and two constant pressure processes. 1 V 4 1 If at every point in the cycle the system is in thermodynamic equilibrium, the cycle is reversible. 1 is only a function of (1998). Ericsson cycle is now more popularly know as Brayton cycle. process. The results are presented in Table 1 for different engine versions. v p -1 Stirling cycle and Rankine cycle heat engines are used to transform the heat energy of solar concentrators to mechanical and electrical energy. T T T ( ) Learn how your comment data is processed. Before the air is released as exhaust, it is passed back through the regenerator, thus cooling the gas at a low constant pressure, and heating the regenerator for the next cycle. In these cycles and engines the working fluid are always like liquid: Stirling cycle (Malone engine) Heat Regenerative Cyclone; Electron cycles. 1 U Rumor has it that tables were placed on top of those pistons (obviously in the cool compression chamber, not the hot power chamber) and dinner was served and eaten, while the engine was running at full power. c) two isothermal and two adiabatic processes. 2, pp. H Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The Ericsson engine works as follows: the working gas that is cooled in the recuperator and in the first cooler is compressed in the first compressor. J. Appl. Ericsson cycle - Wikipedia Contents move to sidebar (Top) 1 Ideal Ericsson cycle Toggle Ideal Ericsson cycle subsection 1.1 Comparison with Carnot, Diesel, Otto, and Stirling cycles 1.2 Comparison with the Brayton cycle 2 Ericsson engine 3 Regenerator 4 History Toggle History subsection 4.1 Caloric ship Ericsson 5 Today's potential 6 References

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